@inproceedings {INPROC-2016-41,
author = {Stephan Schnitzer and Simon Gansel and Frank D{\"u}rr and Kurt Rothermel},
title = {{Real-time scheduling for 3D GPU rendering}},
booktitle = {11th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES)},
publisher = {IEEE},
institution = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Fakult{\"a}t Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Germany},
pages = {1--10},
type = {Konferenz-Beitrag},
month = {Mai},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1109/SIES.2016.7509411},
keywords = {automobiles; graphical user interfaces; graphics processing units; rendering (computer graphics); 3D GPU rendering; GPU sharing; real-time GPU scheduling framework; real-time scheduling; automotive HMI; embedded systems},
language = {Englisch},
cr-category = {H.5.2 Information Interfaces and Presentation User Interfaces,
I.3.m Computer Graphics Miscellaneous},
ee = {ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/library/ncstrl.ustuttgart_fi/INPROC-2016-41/INPROC-2016-41.pdf,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2016.7509411},
department = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Institut f{\"u}r Parallele und Verteilte Systeme, Verteilte Systeme},
abstract = {3D graphical functions in cars enjoy growing popularity. For instance, analog
instruments of the instrument cluster are replaced by digital 3D displays as
shown by Mercedes-Benz in the F125 prototype car. The trend to use 3D
applications expands into two directions: towards more safety-relevant
applications such as the speedometer and towards third-party applications,
e.g., from an app store. In order to save cost, energy, and installation space,
all these applications should share a single GPU. GPU sharing brings up the
problem of providing real-time guarantees for rendering content of
time-sensitive applications like the speedometer. To solve this problem, we
present a real-time GPU scheduling framework which provides strong guarantees
for critical applications while still giving as much GPU resources to less
important applications as possible, thus ensuring a high GPU utilization. Since
current GPUs are not preemptible, we use the estimated execution time of each
GPU rendering job to make the scheduling decisions. Our evaluations show that
our scheduler guarantees given real-time constraints, while achieving a high
GPU utilization of 97\%. Moreover, scheduling is performed highly efficient in
real-time with less than 10 us latency.},
url = {http://www2.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/cgi-bin/NCSTRL/NCSTRL_view.pl?id=INPROC-2016-41&engl=0}
}
@inproceedings {INPROC-2015-59,
author = {Simon Gansel and Stephan Schnitzer and Ahmad Gilbeau-Hammoud and Viktor Friesen and Frank D{\"u}rr and Kurt Rothermel and Christian Maih{\"o}fer and Ulrich Kr{\"a}mer},
title = {{Context-aware Access Control in Novel Automotive HMI Systems}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Information Systems Security, ICISS 2015, Kolkata, India},
editor = {Sushil Jajodia and Chandan Mazumdar},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
institution = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Fakult{\"a}t Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Germany},
pages = {118--138},
type = {Konferenz-Beitrag},
month = {Dezember},
year = {2015},
isbn = {10.1007/978-3-319-26961-0_8},
language = {Englisch},
cr-category = {D.4.6 Operating Systems Security and Protection},
ee = {ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/library/ncstrl.ustuttgart_fi/INPROC-2015-59/INPROC-2015-59.pdf,
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-26961-0_8},
department = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Institut f{\"u}r Parallele und Verteilte Systeme, Verteilte Systeme},
abstract = {The growing relevance of vehicular applications like media player, navigation
system, or speedometer using graphical presentation has lead to an increasing
number of displays in modern cars. This effectuates the desire for flexible
sharing of all the available displays between several applications. However,
automotive requirements include many regulations to avoid driver distraction to
ensure safety. To allow for safe sharing of the available screen surface
between the many safety-critical and non-safety-critical applications, adequate
access control systems are required. We use the notion of $\backslash$emph{contexts} to
dynamically determine, which application is allowed to access which display
area. A context can be derived from vehicle sensors (e.g., the current speed),
or be an application-specific state (e.g., which menu item is selected). We
propose an access control model that is inherently aware of the context of the
car and the applications. It provides delegation of access rights to display
areas by applications. We implemented a proof-of-concept implementation that
demonstrates the feasibility of our concept and evaluated the latency
introduced by access control. Our results show that the delay reacting on
dynamic context changes is small enough for automotive scenarios.},
url = {http://www2.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/cgi-bin/NCSTRL/NCSTRL_view.pl?id=INPROC-2015-59&engl=0}
}
@inproceedings {INPROC-2015-54,
author = {Simon Gansel and Stephan Schnitzer and Riccardo Cecolin and Frank D{\"u}rr and Kurt Rothermel and Christian Maih{\"o}fer},
title = {{Efficient Compositing Strategies for Automotive HMI Systems}},
booktitle = {10th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES), Siegen, Germany, 2015},
address = {Siegen},
publisher = {IEEE},
institution = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Fakult{\"a}t Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Germany},
pages = {1--10},
type = {Konferenz-Beitrag},
month = {Juni},
year = {2015},
doi = {10.1109/SIES.2015.7185036},
keywords = {CPU execution time; automotive HMI systems; automotive embedded platforms; cache-hybrid compositing; graphical functions; off-screen buffers; power consumption; vehicular applications},
language = {Englisch},
cr-category = {D.4.9 Systems Programs and Utilities,
H.5.2 Information Interfaces and Presentation User Interfaces,
I.3.6 Computer Graphics Methodology and Techniques},
ee = {ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/library/ncstrl.ustuttgart_fi/INPROC-2015-54/INPROC-2015-54.pdf,
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7185036&isnumber=7185026},
department = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Institut f{\"u}r Parallele und Verteilte Systeme, Verteilte Systeme},
abstract = {The relevance of graphical functions in vehicular applications has increased
significantly during the last years. Modern cars are equipped with multiple
displays used by different applications such as speedometer, navigation system,
or media players. The rendered output of the applications is stored in
so-called off-screen buffers and then bitblitted to the screen buffer at the
respective window sizes and positions. To guarantee the visibility of the
potentially overlapping windows, the compositing has to match the z-order of
the windows. To this end, two common compositing strategies Tile compositing
and Full compositing are used, each having performance issues depending on how
windows overlap. Since automotive embedded platforms are restricted in power
consumption, installation space, and hardware cost, their performance is
limited which effectuates the need for highly efficient bitblitting. In order
to increase the performance in compositing the windows, we propose Hybrid
Compositing which predicts the required bitblitting time and chooses the most
efficient strategy for each pair of overlapping windows. Using various
scenarios we show that our approach is faster than the other strategies. In
addition, we propose CacheHybrid Compositing which reduces the CPU execution
time of our approach by up to 66 \%. In case of an automotive scenario we show
that our optimized approach saves up to 51 \% bitblitting time compared to
existing approaches.},
url = {http://www2.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/cgi-bin/NCSTRL/NCSTRL_view.pl?id=INPROC-2015-54&engl=0}
}
@inproceedings {INPROC-2014-95,
author = {Simon Gansel and Stephan Schnitzer and Ahmad Gilbeau-Hammoud and Viktor Friesen and Frank D{\"u}rr and Kurt Rothermel and Christian Maih{\"o}fer},
title = {{An access control concept for novel automotive HMI systems}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th ACM symposium on Access control models and technologies, 2014, London, Ontario, Canada.},
publisher = {ACM},
institution = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Fakult{\"a}t Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Germany},
pages = {17--28},
type = {Konferenz-Beitrag},
month = {Juni},
year = {2014},
isbn = {978-1-4503-2939-2},
doi = {10.1145/2613087.2613104},
keywords = {Access Control; State-based Model; Automotive; Windows},
language = {Englisch},
cr-category = {D.4.6 Operating Systems Security and Protection,
H.5.2 Information Interfaces and Presentation User Interfaces},
ee = {ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/library/ncstrl.ustuttgart_fi/INPROC-2014-95/INPROC-2014-95.pdf,
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2613104},
department = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Institut f{\"u}r Parallele und Verteilte Systeme, Verteilte Systeme},
abstract = {The relevance of graphical functions in vehicular applications has increased
significantly during the few last years. Modern cars are equipped with multiple
displays used by different applications such as speedometer or navigation
system. However, so far applications are restricted to using dedicated
displays. In order to increase flexibility, the requirement of sharing displays
between applications has emerged. Sharing displays leads to safety and security
concerns since safety-critical applications as the dashboard warning lights
share the same displays with uncritical or untrusted applications like the
navigation system or third-party applications. To guarantee the safe and secure
sharing of displays, we present a formal model for defining and controlling the
access to display areas in this paper. We prove the validity of this model, and
present a proof-of-concept implementation to demonstrate the feasibility of our
concept.},
url = {http://www2.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/cgi-bin/NCSTRL/NCSTRL_view.pl?id=INPROC-2014-95&engl=0}
}
@inproceedings {INPROC-2014-94,
author = {Stephan Schnitzer and Simon Gansel and Frank D{\"u}rr and Kurt Rothermel},
title = {{Concepts for execution time prediction of 3D GPU rendering}},
booktitle = {9th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES), 2014, pp.160-169, 18-20 June 2014},
publisher = {IEEE},
institution = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Fakult{\"a}t Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Germany},
pages = {160--169},
type = {Konferenz-Beitrag},
month = {Juni},
year = {2014},
isbn = {10.1109/SIES.2014.6871200},
keywords = {3D-rendering; GPU-scheduling; embedded systems; execution time prediction; real-time},
language = {Englisch},
cr-category = {H.5.2 Information Interfaces and Presentation User Interfaces,
I.3.m Computer Graphics Miscellaneous},
ee = {ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/library/ncstrl.ustuttgart_fi/INPROC-2014-94/INPROC-2014-94.pdf,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2014.6871200},
department = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Institut f{\"u}r Parallele und Verteilte Systeme, Verteilte Systeme},
abstract = {The relevance of graphical functions in vehicular applications has increased
significantly during the last years. Modern cars are equipped with multiple
displays used by different applications such as speedometer, navigation system,
or media players. The recent trend towards hardware consolidation to reduce
hardware cost, installation space, and energy consumption, causes graphical 3D
applications of different safety-criticality to share a single GPU. This
requires effective real-time GPU scheduling concepts to ensure safety and
isolation for 3D rendering. Since current GPUs are not preemptible, a
deadline-based scheduler must know the GPU execution time of GPU commands in
advance. In this work, we present a novel framework to measure and predict the
execution time of GPU commands using OpenGL ES 2.0. We present prediction
models for the main GPU commands relevant for 3D rendering, namely, FLUSH,
CLEAR, and DRAW. For the DRAW command we propose to use the 3D bounding box of
the rendered model and apply the vertex shader projection to heuristically
estimate the number of fragments rendered. We finally present the
implementation and evaluation of our framework, which demonstrates its
feasibility and shows that good prediction accuracy can be achieved. In our
evaluation using realistic scenarios the absolute prediction error of the DRAW
command did not exceed 260 µs.},
url = {http://www2.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/cgi-bin/NCSTRL/NCSTRL_view.pl?id=INPROC-2014-94&engl=0}
}
@inproceedings {INPROC-2013-67,
author = {Simon Gansel and Stephan Schnitzer and Frank D{\"u}rr and Kurt Rothermel and Christian Maih{\"o}fer},
title = {{Towards Virtualization Concepts for Novel Automotive HMI Systems}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of 4th IFIP TC 10 International Embedded Systems Symposium, IESS 2013, Paderborn, Germany, June 17-19, 2013.},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
institution = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Fakult{\"a}t Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Germany},
series = {Embedded Systems: Design, Analysis and Verification},
volume = {403},
pages = {193--204},
type = {Konferenz-Beitrag},
month = {Juni},
year = {2013},
isbn = {978-3-642-38853-8},
isbn = {10.1007/978-3-642-38853-8_18},
keywords = {Virtualization; Automotive HMI},
language = {Englisch},
cr-category = {H.5.2 Information Interfaces and Presentation User Interfaces,
J.7 Computers in Other Systems},
ee = {ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/library/ncstrl.ustuttgart_fi/INPROC-2013-67/INPROC-2013-67.pdf,
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-38853-8_18},
department = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Institut f{\"u}r Parallele und Verteilte Systeme, Verteilte Systeme},
abstract = {Many innovations in the automotive industry are based on electronics and
software, which has led to a steady increase of electronic control units (ECU)
in cars. This brought up serious scalability and complexity issues in terms of
cost, installation space, and energy consumption. In order to tackle these
problems, there is a strong interest to consolidate ECUs using virtualization
technologies. However, current efforts largely neglect legal constraints and
certification issues and the resulting technical requirements.
In this paper, we focus on the consolidation of graphics hardware through
virtualization, which received a lot of interest in the car industry due to the
growing relevance of HMI systems such as head unit and instrument cluster in
modern cars. First, we investigate relevant ISO standards and legal
requirements and derive seven technical requirements for a virtualized
automotive HMI system. Based on these requirements, we present the concept for
a Virtualized Automotive Graphics System (VAGS) that allows for the
consolidation of mixed-criticality graphics ECUs.},
url = {http://www2.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/cgi-bin/NCSTRL/NCSTRL_view.pl?id=INPROC-2013-67&engl=0}
}
@inproceedings {INPROC-2012-40,
author = {Stephan Schnitzer and Hugo Miranda and Boris Koldehofe},
title = {{Content Routing Algorithms to Support Publish/Subscribe in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Workshop on Architectures, Services and Applications for the Next Generation Internet},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
institution = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Fakult{\"a}t Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Germany},
pages = {1--8},
type = {Workshop-Beitrag},
month = {Oktober},
year = {2012},
keywords = {MANET; TPSR; Ad Hoc; Wireless Routing},
language = {Deutsch},
cr-category = {H.3.4 Information Storage and Retrieval Systems and Software,
C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design,
C.2.2 Network Protocols},
ee = {ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/library/ncstrl.ustuttgart_fi/INPROC-2012-40/INPROC-2012-40.pdf},
department = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Institut f{\"u}r Parallele und Verteilte Systeme, Verteilte Systeme},
abstract = {Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) allow communication between moving nodes
without using infrastructure like access points, stationary routers or GPS.
This offers new communication opportunities, especially in challenging
environments. To communicate in MANETs we often need routing functionality,
which usually provides unicast-based best effort packet delivery.
Publish/Subscribe (Pub/Sub) is a well known and powerful paradigm that provides
higher expressiveness than unicast routing. It decouples senders from receivers
and allows information exchange between network nodes that offer certain data
(called publishers) and nodes that declare their interest in data of some
pattern (called subscribers). Especially in MANET applications, Pub/Sub
provides useful functionality to support realistic scenarios and novel
applications. This paper proposes a new algorithm called TPSR, tailored to
efficiently support Pub/Sub in MANETs. It is based mainly on two principles: i)
it uses the dissemination of subscriptions to create source routes; and ii) it
uses the signal strength messages are received with, to optimize routes in
terms of striking a good balance between long routes and fragile routes.
Simulations based on ns-2 demonstrate its performance, in comparison with
flooding and unicast-based solutions.},
url = {http://www2.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/cgi-bin/NCSTRL/NCSTRL_view.pl?id=INPROC-2012-40&engl=0}
}
@article {ART-2012-18,
author = {Kurt Rothermel and Stephan Schnitzer and Ralph Lange and Frank D{\"u}rr and Tobias Farrell},
title = {{Context-aware and quality-aware algorithms for efficient mobile object management}},
journal = {Pervasive and Mobile Computing},
publisher = {Elsevier},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {131--146},
type = {Artikel in Zeitschrift},
month = {Februar},
year = {2012},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmcj.2011.04.009},
issn = {1574-1192},
keywords = {context-awareness; location management; mobile object tracking; range queries; efficiency},
language = {Englisch},
cr-category = {C.2 Computer-Communication Networks,
H.2.8 Database Applications},
ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2011.04.009},
department = {Universit{\"a}t Stuttgart, Institut f{\"u}r Parallele und Verteilte Systeme, Verteilte Systeme},
abstract = {The management of positions of mobile objects is an essential prerequisite for
many context-aware systems such as advanced traffic management systems or
personal assistance systems. In this paper, we present two approaches for the
scalable tracking of mobile object trajectories and the efficient processing of
continuous spatial range queries, respectively. We show in detail how both
approaches utilize the basic concepts of accuracy relaxation and utilization of
context information, such as movement predictions, to minimize the number of
position updates, the size of trajectory data, and the number of
energy-consuming position sensing operations.},
url = {http://www2.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/cgi-bin/NCSTRL/NCSTRL_view.pl?id=ART-2012-18&engl=0}
}